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9th grade · English Language Arts · Unit 5 of 12

Literary Devices

Allusion, analogy, juxtaposition, flashback

What your child practices

Spotting allusion (a reference to something well known), analogy, juxtaposition (contrasts side by side) and flashback in short original excerpts, and explaining why a writer chooses them.

Arizona Academic Standards learning standard: 9-10.RL.5; 9-10.L.5 · allusion, analogy, juxtaposition and flashback

How we explain it

Children can open this short lesson before they practice.

  1. An allusion is a reference to something well known, like a famous story or person.
  2. An analogy explains by comparing two things alike in important ways. Juxtaposition puts contrasts side by side.
  3. A flashback interrupts the story to show an earlier time.

Example: A writer says, “Her generosity was Robin Hood–like.” What device is this? Robin Hood is a famous legend. Referring to a well-known character is an allusion. Answer: allusion

Literary Devices in Arizona

In the Arizona Academic Standards, this is unit 5 of 12 in 9th grade English Language Arts, after Word Detective and before Digital Smarts.

Gradelings describes a child's practice on this unit as Beginning, Approaching, Meeting or Exceeding (Four practice steps). That reflects practice, not a report-card mark: the teacher decides the mark.

Source: Arizona Department of Education

Sample questions

A taste of this unit. In the app, questions change every time and get easier or harder to match your child.

  1. Question 1

    “The noise rushed past him like traffic past a bus shelter” compares which two things?

    Lunch Rush

    In the cafeteria, a hundred voices bounced off the walls. Trays clattered. Somebody laughed too loudly.

    At the corner table, Ravi sat with an untouched sandwich and watched the door. The noise rushed past him like traffic past a bus shelter.

    In the quiet hallway outside, Lena's sneakers squeaked once, twice. She paused, and then went in.

    • Lena and the hallway
    • the noise and the cafeteria walls
    • Ravi and his sandwich
    • the noise around Ravi and traffic going by someone who is standing still

  2. Question 2

    What is the effect of describing the shiny screw beside the pile of dust?

    The Old Radio

    The old radio crackled once and went silent. Kenji turned the dial, and for a moment he was back in his grandfather's workshop, sawdust on his sleeves, listening to a hockey game on a rainy night.

    Now the workshop was cold and bare. On the empty bench, a single shiny screw sat beside a pile of dust. Like a compass without a needle, the room had lost its direction.

    • It moves the story to the past
    • It adds a new narrator
    • It sets a small bright detail against neglect
    • It shows that the radio works

  3. Question 3

    A poem describes a glittering ballroom and, in the very next line, people waiting in line for bread, with no comment. What is this device?

    • juxtaposition
    • analogy
    • allusion
    • flashback

  4. Question 4

    Why might a writer use juxtaposition?

    • To change the narrator
    • To shorten the story
    • To highlight a contrast so the reader notices a difference
    • To make two ideas sound identical

  5. Question 5

    What is the main effect of the comparison to a bus shelter?

    Lunch Rush

    In the cafeteria, a hundred voices bounced off the walls. Trays clattered. Somebody laughed too loudly.

    At the corner table, Ravi sat with an untouched sandwich and watched the door. The noise rushed past him like traffic past a bus shelter.

    In the quiet hallway outside, Lena's sneakers squeaked once, twice. She paused, and then went in.

    • It tells us the ending
    • It shows he is late for a bus
    • It shows how still and apart Ravi feels
    • It makes the cafeteria seem calm

  6. Question 6

    Why might an author use an analogy in an explanation?

    • To make the text rhyme
    • To explain an unfamiliar idea through a familiar one
    • To avoid explaining anything
    • To hide the main idea

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